Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals, including fecal matter, constitute ______, which is the raw material for decomposition.
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An ______ can be visualised as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
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Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire ______ as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all Local ecosystems on Earth.
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Since this system is too much big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient to divide it into two basic categories, namely the ______ and the ______
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Forest, grassland and desert are some examples of ______ ecosystems; pond, lake, wetland, river and estuary are some examples of ______ ecosystems.
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Crop fields and an ______ may also be considered as man-made ecosystems
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The structure of the ecosystem, in order to appreciate the input ( ______ ), transfer of energy (food chain/web, nutrient cycling) and the output (degradation and energy loss)
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components of the environment- ______ and ______ .
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Interaction of biotic and abiotic components result in a physical structure that is characteristic for each type of ______ .
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Identification and enumeration of plant and animal species of an ecosystem gives its ______ composition .
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Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels is called ______ .
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For example, trees occupy top vertical strata or layer of a forest, ______ the second and herbs and grasses occupy the bottom layers.
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The components of the ecosystem are seen to function as a unit when you consider the following aspects: (i) Productivity; (ii) Decomposition; (iii) Energy flow; and (iv) ______ .
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______ is fairly a self-sustainable unit and rather simple example that explain even the complex interactions that exist in an aquatic ecosystem.
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The abiotic component is the water with all the dissolved inorganic and ______ substances and the rich soil deposit at the bottom of the pon
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