Urine formation involves three main processes namely, glomerular filtration, ______ and secretion,
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The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood, which is carried out by the glomerulus and is called ______
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On an average, 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitute roughly ______ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.
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Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water and ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by ______ activities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances have to be removed totally or partially
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______, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals
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______ is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a ______ loss of water.
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The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Many ______, aquatic amphibians and ______ are ammonotelic in nature
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______, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal.
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Terrestrial adaptation necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for ______ .
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Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and ______ mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals
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Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the ______ of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys.
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Some amount of ______ may be retained in the kidney matrix of some of these animals to maintain a desired osmolarity
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______, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals.
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In most of the invertebrates, these structures are simple ______ forms whereas vertebrates have complex tubular organs called kidneys .
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Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the ______ – Amphioxus
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